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William RUGGLES

🇺🇸 USA · Upper Valley Fencing Club

Mixte Épée, 2015–2026

À propos de cet escrimeur

USA 100183967

Classement USA Fencing : Épée C2025 · Fleuret Non classé (U) · Sabre Non classé (U)

Les classifications USA Fencing vont de A à E ; U signifie non classé. L’année après la lettre indique quand la classification a été obtenue.

Bilan et classements

Les chiffres couvrent les résultats publiés enregistrés ici. Les copies vérifiées comptent une fois ; les autres sources restent séparées.

Résultats
186
Podiums
14
Compétitions remportées
0
Meilleur résultat
2e sur 17, Portland Fencing Center U
Sa place dans chaque épreuve au fil du temps Un résultat Un podium
Vainqueur1erPremier quart¼Milieu½DernierDernier 12e sur 30, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, NEUSFA 6W Vet combined, 2026-11-08 23e sur 39, Senior Mixed Épée, Stick Season, 2026-11-07 22e sur 26, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, Premier Challenge ROC/RJCC/RYC, September 2026, 2026-09-25 25e sur 40, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, Trick or Retreat ROC / RJCC, Edison, NJ, 2026-08-22 40e sur 52, Vet 60 Men’s Épée, Summer Nationals and July Challenge, Portland, OR, 2026-06-27 14e sur 38, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, NEUSFA 2026 Pomme De Terre, Waltham, MA, 2026-06-13 17e sur 37, Senior Mixed Épée, 27th Ticonderoga Challenge Outdoor Epee Tournament, Ticonderoga, NY, 2026-05-23 21e sur 25, Senior Mixed Épée, Spring Fling, Sharon, VT, 2026-05-02 18e sur 31, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, Middlebury Open-31st Edition, 2026-04-11 19e sur 43, Senior Mixed Épée, Middlebury Open-31st Edition, 2026-04-11 3e sur 8, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, South Burlington Epee Extravaganza, 2026-03-28 7e sur 21, Open Mixed Épée, South Burlington Epee Extravaganza, 2026-03-28 14e sur 19, Senior Men’s Épée, Maple Madness 2026, 2026-03-14 16e sur 26, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, Midwinter Melee, January 2026, 2026-01-17 19e sur 29, Senior Mixed Épée, Stick Season Tournament, 2025-11-08 3e sur 30, Senior Mixed Épée, 2025 Fall Foliage Classic, 2025-10-11 28e sur 42, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, Premier Challenge ROC/RJCC/RYC, September 2025, 2025-09-26 12e sur 34, Open Mixed Épée, September Skirmish, September 2025, 2025-09-20 10e sur 13, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, September Skirmish, September 2025, 2025-09-20 26e sur 65, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, Neil Lazar Div1/Div2/Veteran ROC, New Haven, CT, 2025-08-23 27e sur 43, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, NEUSFA 2025 Pomme De Terre, 2025-06-14 3e sur 11, Senior Mixed Épée, Spring Fling, Middlebury, VT, 2025-05-03 8e sur 25, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, Middlebury Open-30th Edition, 2025-04-05 27e sur 51, Senior Mixed Épée, Middlebury Open-30th Edition, 2025-04-05 14e sur 21, Senior Mixed Épée, Maple Madness, 2025-03-01 14e sur 32, Senior Mixed Épée, 2025 Groundhog Open, 2025-02-01 11e sur 17, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, Midwinter Melee, January 2025, 2025-01-11 3e sur 17, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, Stick Season Tournament, November 2024, 2024-11-16 11e sur 26, Senior Mixed Épée, Stick Season Tournament, November 2024, 2024-11-16 11e sur 25, Senior Mixed Épée, 2024 Fall Foliage Classic, 2024-10-12 25e sur 79, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, Neil Lazar Div1/Div2/Veteran ROC, Newtown, CT, 2024-09-28 9e sur 26, Senior Mixed Épée, September Skirmish, September 2024, 2024-09-21 28e sur 43, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, Premier Challenge ROC/RJCC/RPC, 2024-09-14 31e sur 38, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, NEUSFA 2024 Pomme De Terre, 2024-06-15 17e sur 24, Senior Division II (C and under) Mixed Épée, Foil and Epee C Meet, June 2024, 2024-06-02 8e sur 40, Senior Mixed Épée, 26th Ticonderoga Challenge Outdoor Epee Tournament, 2024-05-25 11e sur 20, Senior Mixed Épée, Spring Fling, Vergennes, VT, 2024-05-04 25e sur 29, Senior Mixed Épée, Maple Madness, Charlotte, VT, 2024-03-09 10e sur 25, Senior Mixed Épée, 2024 Groundhog Open, 2024-02-03 13e sur 23, Senior Division II (C and under) Mixed Épée, Foil and Epee C Meet, January 2024, 2024-01-14 22e sur 25, Senior Mixed Épée, Holiday Open, South Burlington, VT, 2023-12-02 24e sur 51, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, Neil Lazar Div1A/Div2/Veteran ROC, 2023-11-18 14e sur 21, Senior Mixed Épée, Stick Season Tournament, November 2023, 2023-11-11 7e sur 16, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, Stick Season Tournament, November 2023, 2023-11-11 10e sur 23, Senior Mixed Épée, 2023 Fall Foliage Classic, 2023-10-14 13e sur 25, Senior Mixed Épée, 25th Semi-Annual Ticonderoga Challenge, 2023-05-27 9e sur 19, Senior Mixed Épée, Maple Madness 2023 (Reschedule), 2023-03-12 41e sur 53, Senior Mixed Épée, 2023 RPI Spring Open, 2023-02-26 5e sur 11, Senior Mixed Épée, Groundhog Open and Youth, S. Burlington, VT, 2023-02-11 25e sur 25, Senior Mixed Épée, Noreaster Open, February 2023, 2023-02-05 13e sur 38, Senior Mixed Épée, Mid-Winter Melee: Open and U, 2023-01-14 15e sur 21, Senior Mixed Épée, Stick Season Stab - Open and E, 2022-11-12 29e sur 31, Senior Mixed Épée, Granite State Open, October 2022, 2022-10-23 7e sur 10, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, Fall Foliage Open and Veterans, 2022-10-15 18e sur 27, Senior Mixed Épée, Fall Foliage Open and Veterans, 2022-10-15 36e sur 57, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, Neil Lazar Div1A/Div2/Veteran ROC, New Haven, CT, 2022-09-24 33e sur 45, Senior Men’s Épée, Nutmeg State Games Open, Middletown, CT, 2022-07-31 17e sur 28, Senior Mixed Épée, 24th Semi-Annual Ticonderoga Challenge, 2022-05-28 13e sur 25, Senior Mixed Épée, Middlebury Open-27th Edition, 2022-04-09 8e sur 13, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, Middlebury Open-27th Edition, 2022-04-09 8e sur 16, Senior Mixed Épée, Spring Open-2 Day, 2022-03-26 12e sur 33, Senior Mixed Épée, Maple Madness, Middlebury, VT, 2022-03-19 3e sur 17, Senior Mixed Épée, Charlotte Open (and Unrated), 2022-02-19 11e sur 19, Senior Mixed Épée, Noreaster Epee and Saber Open, 2022-01-15 10e sur 18, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Épée, 5 Weapon D Meet, Rochester, NH, 2021-11-20 8e sur 17, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, NEUSFA Veteran's 6W Open, November 2021, 2021-11-06 8e sur 23, Senior Mixed Épée, Granite State Open, October 2021, 2021-10-30 3e sur 16, Senior Mixed Épée, Monster Mask 2 - Outdoor Tournament, 2021-10-17 7e sur 12, Open Mixed Épée, Let's Try This Limited Epee Open, 2021-10-10 28e sur 42, Vet Combined Men’s Épée, Neil Lazar Div1A/Div2/Vet ROC, 2021-09-25 23e sur 31, Senior Men’s Épée, Nutmeg State Games Open, Danbury, CT, 2021-08-01 15e sur 15, Vet 50 Men’s Épée, WAY Vet Epee 50, 2021-07-25 19e sur 24, Senior Mixed Épée, 23rd Semi-Annual Ticonderoga Challenge, 2021-05-29 13e sur 19, Senior Mixed Épée, 2020 RPI Spring Open Tournament, 2020-02-22 6e sur 12, Open Mixed Épée, Age Group Fencerama (Adult/Teen/Youth), 2019-11-16 21e sur 32, Senior Mixed Épée, 2019 Burlington Brawl, 2019-10-26 6e sur 18, Open Mixed Épée, 2019 RPI Fall Open Tournament, 2019-10-20 16e sur 43, Senior Mixed Épée, 2019 Fall Foliage Classic, 2019-09-28 7e sur 7, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, Veteran's Tournament at CFC, August 2019, 2019-08-10 19e sur 20, Senior Mixed Épée, Wide Open, June 2019, 2019-06-01 16e sur 17, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Épée, D & Under at CFC, May 2019, 2019-05-11 36e sur 38, Senior Division II (C and under) Men’s Épée, NEUSFA 6 Weapon C and under, 2019-05-11 10e sur 15, Senior Mixed Épée, Spring Open at CFC, April 2019, 2019-04-27 6e sur 7, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Épée, Annual Foil Epee Doubles and D Events, 2019-04-13 23e sur 40, Senior Division III (D and under) Men’s Épée, NEUSFA 6 Weapon D and under, March 2019, 2019-03-09 15e sur 19, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, 26th Annual Middlebury Open, 2019-03-02 23e sur 30, Senior Mixed Épée, 26th Annual Middlebury Open, 2019-03-02 5e sur 17, Open E and under Mixed Épée, Swords & Strategy New Location Celebration, 2019-02-16 11e sur 28, Open Mixed Épée, Swords & Strategy New Location Celebration, 2019-02-16 3e sur 7, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, Veteran's Tournament at CFC, February 2019, 2019-02-09 18e sur 22, Senior Mixed Épée, Ground Hog Open, February 2019, 2019-02-03 10e sur 15, Senior E and under Mixed Épée, Ground Hog Open, February 2019, 2019-02-03 26e sur 31, Senior Mixed Épée, Noreaster Open, February 2019, 2019-02-02 18e sur 33, Senior Mixed Épée, Mid Winter Melee 2019, 2019-01-12 37e sur 40, Senior E and under Men’s Épée, NEUSFA 6 Weapon E and under, January 2019, 2019-01-05 15e sur 17, Senior Mixed Épée, Holiday Open, Rochester, NH, 2018-12-29 22e sur 23, Senior Mixed Épée, Upper Valley Holiday Open and E, December 2018, 2018-12-08 3e sur 15, Senior E and under Mixed Épée, Upper Valley Holiday Open and E, December 2018, 2018-12-08 21e sur 25, Senior Mixed Épée, RPI Fall Open 2018, 2018-12-01 11e sur 20, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, NEUSFA Veteran's 6W Open, November 2018, 2018-11-10 6e sur 11, Vet 40 Mixed Épée, Adult Round Robin plus GMD Youth Event #1, 2018-11-03 20e sur 22, Senior Mixed Épée, Granite State Open at CFC, October 2018, 2018-10-27 5e sur 11, Senior E and under Mixed Épée, 2018 Burlington Brawl, 2018-10-20 14e sur 18, Senior Mixed Épée, 2018 Burlington Brawl, 2018-10-20 37e sur 49, Senior Mixed Épée, 2018 Fall Foliage Classic, 2018-09-29 7e sur 9, Senior Unrated Men’s Épée, 2018 Fall Foliage Classic, 2018-09-29 30e sur 32, Senior Unrated Men’s Épée, NEUSFA 6 Weapon Unclassified, September 2018, 2018-09-29 4e sur 5, Senior Mixed Épée, B & Under at CFC, 2018-08-04 6e sur 12, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Épée, D & Under at CFC, June 2018, 2018-06-02 7e sur 13, Senior E and under Mixed Épée, Lloyds Staats Memorial, aka "The Actual Events", 2018-05-05 6e sur 7, Senior Division II (C and under) Mixed Épée, C & Under at CFC, May 2018, 2018-05-05 18e sur 18, Senior Mixed Épée, Spring Open, April 2018, 2018-04-29 7e sur 8, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Épée, New DATE!! Annual Foil Epee Doubles and D Events, 2018-04-15 21e sur 25, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Foil, New DATE!! Annual Foil Epee Doubles and D Events, 2018-04-15 5e sur 12, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Épée, Portland Fencing Center D and Under, 2018-04-07 47e sur 52, Senior Mixed Épée, 25th Annual Middlebury Open, 2018-03-10 5e sur 11, Senior Unrated Men’s Épée, 25th Annual Middlebury Open, 2018-03-10 23e sur 28, Vet Combined Mixed Épée, 25th Annual Middlebury Open, 2018-03-10 10e sur 15, Open E and under Mixed Foil, Groundhog Open 2018, 2018-02-04 3e sur 6, Senior E and under Men’s Épée, Groundhog Open 2018, 2018-02-04 20e sur 21, Senior Mixed Épée, Groundhog Open 2018, 2018-02-04 3e sur 11, Senior E and under Men’s Foil, Portland Fencing Center E and Under, 2018-02-03 10e sur 10, Senior E and under Mixed Épée, Portland Fencing Center E and Under, 2018-02-03 22e sur 28, Senior Mixed Épée, Nor'Easter Open at CFC, January 2018, 2018-01-27 32e sur 35, Senior Mixed Foil, Nor'Easter Open at CFC, January 2018, 2018-01-27 12e sur 15, Senior E and under Mixed Foil, Mid Winter Melee 2018 POSTPONED New Date, 2018-01-20 9e sur 15, Senior E and under Mixed Épée, Mid Winter Melee 2018 POSTPONED New Date, 2018-01-20 17e sur 18, Senior Mixed Foil, Holiday Open at CFC, December 2017, 2017-12-30 22e sur 26, Senior Mixed Épée, Holiday Open at CFC, December 2017, 2017-12-30 18e sur 23, Senior Mixed Foil, Upper Valley Holiday Open and Youth, 2017-12-09 24e sur 29, Senior Mixed Épée, Upper Valley Holiday Open and Youth, 2017-12-09 14e sur 16, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Épée, Five Weapon D Meet, December 2017, 2017-12-03 12e sur 18, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Foil, Five Weapon D Meet, December 2017, 2017-12-03 14e sur 25, Senior Mixed Foil, Maine State Open, November 2017, 2017-11-11 13e sur 26, Senior Mixed Épée, Maine State Open, November 2017, 2017-11-11 8e sur 14, 21Over Mixed Épée, Adult Round Robin, Middlebury, VT, 2017-11-04 3e sur 8, Senior E and under Men’s Foil, 2017 GMD October Open, aka FF II, 2017-10-21 14e sur 16, Senior E and under Men’s Épée, 2017 GMD October Open, aka FF II, 2017-10-21 8e sur 12, Senior E and under Mixed Foil, Portland Fencing Center E And Under, 2017-10-14 6e sur 10, Senior E and under Mixed Épée, Portland Fencing Center E And Under, 2017-10-14 6e sur 9, Senior Division II (C and under) Mixed Foil, C & Under at CFC, October 2017, 2017-10-07 9e sur 10, Senior Division II (C and under) Mixed Épée, C & Under at CFC, October 2017, 2017-10-07 7e sur 9, Senior E and under Mixed Épée, Five Weapon E Meet, October 2017, 2017-10-01 14e sur 17, Senior E and under Mixed Foil, Five Weapon E Meet, October 2017, 2017-10-01 5e sur 6, Senior E and under Mixed Sabre, Five Weapon E Meet, October 2017, 2017-10-01 7e sur 10, Senior Unrated Men’s Épée, 2017 Fall Foliage Classic, 2017-09-30 6e sur 10, Senior Unrated Mixed Foil, 2017 Fall Foliage Classic, 2017-09-30 2e sur 17, Senior Unrated Men’s Foil, Portland Fencing Center U, 2017-09-23 3e sur 17, Senior Unrated Men’s Foil, Portland Fencing Center U, 2017-09-23 15e sur 16, Senior Unrated Men’s Épée, NEUSFA 6 Weapon Unclassified, September 2017, 2017-09-16 17e sur 20, Senior Unrated Men’s Foil, NEUSFA 6 Weapon Unclassified, September 2017, 2017-09-16 23e sur 25, Senior Mixed Épée, The F Lloyd Staats Memorial Epee and Foil Extra, May 2017, 2017-05-20 11e sur 16, Senior Mixed Foil, The F Lloyd Staats Memorial Epee and Foil Extra, May 2017, 2017-05-20 5e sur 7, Senior Unrated Mixed Foil, Annual Foil Epee Doubles and Unrated Events, 2017-04-22 8e sur 9, Senior Unrated Mixed Épée, Annual Foil Epee Doubles and Unrated Events, 2017-04-22 3e sur 10, Senior Unrated Men’s Foil, 24th Annual Middlebury Open, 2017-03-04 15e sur 16, Senior Mixed Sabre, 24th Annual Middlebury Open, 2017-03-04 25e sur 26, Senior Mixed Foil, 24th Annual Middlebury Open, 2017-03-04 5e sur 9, Vet Combined Mixed Foil, 24th Annual Middlebury Open, 2017-03-04 11e sur 12, Senior Mixed Sabre, 2017 Groundhog Open and Youth, 2017-02-05 23e sur 26, Senior Mixed Foil, 2017 Groundhog Open and Youth, 2017-02-05 6e sur 11, Senior Division III (D and under) Men’s Foil, Portland Fencing Center-D and Under, February 2017, 2017-02-04 6e sur 6, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Épée, Portland Fencing Center-D and Under, February 2017, 2017-02-04 12e sur 19, Senior E and under Mixed Foil, Mid-Winter Melee 2016, Charlotte, VT, 2017-01-14 15e sur 15, Senior Mixed Foil, Mid-Winter Melee 2016, Charlotte, VT, 2017-01-14 19e sur 24, Senior E and under Men’s Foil, NEUSFA 6 Weapon E and under, January 2017, 2017-01-08 6e sur 7, Vet Combined Mixed Foil, Youth & Veteran Tournament at CFC, January 2017, 2017-01-07 9e sur 10, Senior Mixed Sabre, Upper Valley Holiday Open and Y12, December 2016, 2016-12-18 19e sur 22, Senior Mixed Foil, Upper Valley Holiday Open and Y12, December 2016, 2016-12-18 17e sur 18, Senior Mixed Foil, Holiday Open, 2016-12-10 20e sur 20, Senior E and under Mixed Foil, E & Under at CFC, December 2016, 2016-12-03 9e sur 14, Senior Division II (C and under) Mixed Foil, Portland Fencing Center-C and Under, April 2016, 2016-04-30 13e sur 18, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Foil, GMDSpring D Meet, April 2016, 2016-04-23 4e sur 4, Senior Division II (C and under) Men’s Foil, National Qualifiers - Div II-III and Y14, 2016-04-16 22e sur 23, Senior Mixed Foil, Spring Open, Rochester, NH, April 2016, 2016-04-02 13e sur 15, Senior Mixed Épée, Spring Open, Rochester, NH, April 2016, 2016-04-02 14e sur 17, Open E and under Mixed Foil, E and Under, Portland, ME, 2016-03-05 18e sur 20, Senior Mixed Foil, Mid-Winter Melee Middlebury, VT 2016, 2016-01-16 13e sur 15, Senior E and under Mixed Foil, Mid-Winter Melee Middlebury, VT 2016, 2016-01-16 30e sur 30, Senior Division II (C and under) Mixed Foil, C and Under Events at CFC, January 2016, 2016-01-09 32e sur 32, Senior Mixed Foil, Upper Valley Holiday Open and Y12, 2015-12-13 19e sur 22, Open Mixed Foil, Maine State Open, November 2015, 2015-11-21 5e sur 5, Vet Combined Mixed Foil, Youth & Veterans at CFC, November 2015, 2015-11-14 33e sur 33, Senior Mixed Foil, Granite State Open, Rochester, NH, October 2015, 2015-10-24 26e sur 28, Senior Division III (D and under) Mixed Foil, Five Weapon D Meet, October 2015, 2015-10-10 14e sur 16, Senior E and under Mixed Foil, E & Under at CFC, 2015-09-12

Résultats

Résultats: 186

QuandCompétitionÉpreuvePlace
8 nov. 2026NEUSFA 6W Vet combinedAskFREDVet Combined Men’s Épée12e sur 30
7 nov. 2026Stick SeasonAskFREDSenior Mixed Épée23e sur 39
25 sept. 2026Premier Challenge ROC/RJCC/RYC, September 2026AskFREDVet Combined Men’s Épée22e sur 26
22 août 2026Trick or Retreat ROC / RJCC, Edison, NJAskFREDVet Combined Men’s Épée25e sur 40
27 juin 2026Summer Nationals and July Challenge, Portland, ORAskFREDVet 60 Men’s Épée40e sur 52
13 juin 2026NEUSFA 2026 Pomme De Terre, Waltham, MAAskFREDVet Combined Men’s Épée14e sur 38
23 mai 202627th Ticonderoga Challenge Outdoor Epee Tournament, Ticonderoga, NYAskFREDSenior Mixed Épée17e sur 37
2 mai 2026Spring Fling, Sharon, VTAskFREDSenior Mixed Épée21e sur 25
11 avr. 2026Middlebury Open-31st EditionAskFREDVet Combined Mixed Épée18e sur 31
11 avr. 2026Middlebury Open-31st EditionAskFREDSenior Mixed Épée19e sur 43
28 mars 2026South Burlington Epee ExtravaganzaAskFREDVet Combined Mixed Épée3e sur 8
28 mars 2026South Burlington Epee ExtravaganzaAskFREDOpen Mixed Épée7e sur 21
14 mars 2026Maple Madness 2026AskFREDSenior Men’s Épée14e sur 19
17 janv. 2026Midwinter Melee, January 2026AskFREDVet Combined Mixed Épée16e sur 26
8 nov. 2025Stick Season TournamentAskFREDSenior Mixed Épée19e sur 29
11 oct. 20252025 Fall Foliage ClassicAskFREDSenior Mixed Épée3e sur 30
26 sept. 2025Premier Challenge ROC/RJCC/RYC, September 2025AskFREDVet Combined Men’s Épée28e sur 42
20 sept. 2025September Skirmish, September 2025AskFREDOpen Mixed Épée12e sur 34
20 sept. 2025September Skirmish, September 2025AskFREDVet Combined Mixed Épée10e sur 13
23 août 2025Neil Lazar Div1/Div2/Veteran ROC, New Haven, CTAskFREDVet Combined Men’s Épée26e sur 65

Statistiques

cote, classement et style de jeu

Au fil du temps

Sa cote à chaque saison Épée Fleuret Sabre
150014001300 Épée 1484, 2015–16 Épée 1427, 2016–17 Épée 1324, 2017–18 Épée 1319, 2018–19 Épée 1338, 2019–20 Épée 1330, 2020–21 Épée 1381, 2021–22 Épée 1384, 2022–23 Épée 1396, 2023–24 Épée 1432, 2024–25 Épée 1453, 2025–26 Épée 1450, 2026–27 Fleuret 1348, 2015–16 Fleuret 1321, 2016–17 Fleuret 1337, 2017–18 Sabre 1453, 2016–17 Sabre 1439, 2017–18
Sous forme de tableau
SaisonArmefency ELOClassement FIE
2026–27Épée1 450
2025–26Épée1 453
2024–25Épée1 432
2023–24Épée1 396
2022–23Épée1 384
2021–22Épée1 381
2020–21Épée1 330
2019–20Épée1 338
2018–19Épée1 319
2017–18Sabre1 439
2017–18Fleuret1 337
2017–18Épée1 324
2016–17Sabre1 453
2016–17Fleuret1 321
2016–17Épée1 427
2015–16Fleuret1 348
2015–16Épée1 484

Comment les cotes sont calculées · les meilleurs actuellement