Atiradores

Sophia JAKEL

🇺🇸 USA · DC Fencers Club · Destro

Feminino Espada, 2014–2025

Sobre este atirador

FIE 54150 · USA 100167871

Classificação USA Fencing: Espada A2024 · Florete Sem classificação (U)

As classificações da USA Fencing vão de A a E; U significa sem classificação. O ano depois da letra indica quando foi obtida essa classificação.

Percurso e rankings

As contagens incluem os resultados publicados e registados aqui. Cópias de fontes verificadas contam uma vez; os restantes registos de fontes mantêm-se separados.

Resultados
150
Pódios
52
Competições ganhas
18
Ranking FIE
228.º Sénior Espada · 2024–25
Melhor classificação
1.º de 176, EFC Cadet Circuit Grenoble 2022
A sua classificação relativa em cada prova, ao longo do tempo Um resultado Um pódio
Vencedor1.ºPrimeiro quarto¼Metade½ÚltimoÚltimo 18.º de 173, Junior Women’s Épée, FIE Junior and Cadet World Championships, Wuxi 2025, 2025-04-14 28.º de 246, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, Junior Olympics & Div 1 NAC, 2025-02-14 57.º de 303, Junior Women’s Épée, Junior Olympics & Div 1 NAC, 2025-02-14 26.º de 162, Junior Women’s Épée, FIE Junior World Cup, Cairo, January 2025, 2025-01-31 160.º de 192, Senior Women’s Épée, FIE Grand Prix, Doha 2025, 2025-01-25 20.º de 224, Junior Women’s Épée, FIE Junior World Cup, Burgos 2024, 2024-12-14 18.º de 140, Junior Women’s Épée, FIE Junior World Cup, Hong Kong, November 2024, 2024-11-30 29.º de 170, Senior Women’s Épée, FIE World Cup, Vancouver 2024, 2024-11-22 3.º de 277, Junior Women’s Épée, November NAC, Louisville, KY, 2024-11-08 34.º de 321, Junior Women’s Épée, October NAC, Atlantic City, NJ, 2024-10-04 17.º de 283, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, October NAC, Atlantic City, NJ, 2024-10-04 14.º de 155, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, National Championships and July Challenge (Summer Nationals), Columbus, OH, 2024-06-29 22.º de 326, Junior Women’s Épée, National Championships and July Challenge (Summer Nationals), Columbus, OH, 2024-06-29 9.º de 54, Senior Women’s Épée, Amazon Open XXI, 2024-06-02 65.º de 166, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, Division 1/Parafencing National Championships + April NAC, 2024-04-25 12.º de 171, Junior Women’s Épée, Division 1/Parafencing National Championships + April NAC, 2024-04-25 1.º de 104, Junior Women’s Épée, March SJCC, 2024-03-15 94.º de 324, Senior Women’s Épée, FIE Grand Prix, Budapest 2024, 2024-03-09 3.º de 39, Junior Women’s Épée, FIE Junior Zonal Championships, Rio De Janeiro 2024, 2024-02-25 86.º de 155, Junior Women’s Épée, FIE Junior World Cup, Tbilisi 2024, 2024-02-17 33.º de 287, Junior Women’s Épée, Junior Olympics, February 2024, 2024-02-16 33.º de 262, Junior Women’s Épée, January NAC, January 2024, 2024-01-05 3.º de 203, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, January NAC, January 2024, 2024-01-05 51.º de 203, Junior Women’s Épée, FIE Junior World Cup, Laupheim 2023, 2023-12-02 19.º de 251, Junior (2) Women’s Épée, November NAC, November 2023, 2023-11-10 59.º de 211, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, October NAC, October 2023, 2023-10-26 15.º de 39, Senior Mixed Épée, DCFC Champagne Challenge, September 2023, 2023-09-17 36.º de 177, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, National Championships & July Challenge (Summer Nationals), 2023-06-30 6.º de 325, Junior Women’s Épée, National Championships & July Challenge (Summer Nationals), 2023-06-30 1.º de 31, Senior Women’s Épée, Amazon Open XX, 2023-06-04 37.º de 151, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, Division 1 Championships/April NAC, 2023-04-21 47.º de 169, Junior Women’s Épée, Division 1 Championships/April NAC, 2023-04-21 2.º de 59, Senior Division IA Women’s Épée, Cherry Blossom ROC, March 2023, 2023-03-18 9.º de 233, Cadet Women’s Épée, Junior Olympics, February 2023, 2023-02-17 69.º de 231, Junior Women’s Épée, Junior Olympics, February 2023, 2023-02-17 21.º de 63, Junior Women’s Épée, FIE Junior World Cup, Maalot 2023, 2023-01-21 57.º de 228, Junior Women’s Épée, January NAC, January 2023, 2023-01-06 18.º de 195, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, January NAC, January 2023, 2023-01-06 38.º de 240, Junior Women’s Épée, December NAC, December 2022, 2022-12-09 5.º de 191, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, December NAC, December 2022, 2022-12-09 1.º de 176, Cadet Women’s Épée, EFC Cadet Circuit Grenoble 2022, 2022-11-12 9.º de 171, Cadet Women’s Épée, EFC Cadet Circuit Beograd 2022, 2022-10-22 30.º de 224, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, October NAC, October 2022, 2022-10-07 3.º de 228, Cadet Women’s Épée, October NAC, October 2022, 2022-10-07 3.º de 207, Cadet Women’s Épée, USA Fencing National Championships & July Challenge, July 2022, 2022-07-02 57.º de 277, Junior Women’s Épée, USA Fencing National Championships & July Challenge, July 2022, 2022-07-02 27.º de 169, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, USA Fencing National Championships & July Challenge, July 2022, 2022-07-02 8.º de 12, Open Women’s Épée, NYAC High School Epee Invitational, June 2022, 2022-06-18 1.º de 39, Senior Women’s Épée, Amazon Open XIX, 2022-06-05 11.º de 135, Cadet Women’s Épée, Division I and Parafencing Nat'l Championships & April NAC, 2022-04-21 24.º de 234, Junior Women’s Épée, Division I and Parafencing Nat'l Championships & April NAC, 2022-04-21 12.º de 133, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, Division I and Parafencing Nat'l Championships & April NAC, 2022-04-21 1.º de 17, Senior Women’s Épée, DCFC Women's Champagne Challenge, 2022-03-26 3.º de 175, Cadet Women’s Épée, Junior Olympic Championships, February 2022, 2022-02-18 48.º de 209, Junior Women’s Épée, Junior Olympic Championships, February 2022, 2022-02-18 20.º de 209, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, December NAC, December 2021, 2021-12-09 17.º de 241, Junior Women’s Épée, December NAC, December 2021, 2021-12-09 52.º de 158, Cadet Women’s Épée, December NAC, December 2021, 2021-12-09 10.º de 189, Cadet Women’s Épée, October NAC, October 2021, 2021-10-29 3.º de 34, Cadet Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge Fall RJCC/RYC, 2021-10-09 14.º de 43, Junior Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge Fall RJCC/RYC, 2021-10-09 50.º de 218, Junior Women’s Épée, National Championships, Junior Olympic Championships & July NAC, 2021-07-03 2.º de 151, Y14 Women’s Épée, National Championships, Junior Olympic Championships & July NAC, 2021-07-03 115.º de 174, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, National Championships, Junior Olympic Championships & July NAC, 2021-07-03 2.º de 262, Cadet Women’s Épée, National Championships, Junior Olympic Championships & July NAC, 2021-07-03 38.º de 190, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, June NAC, 2021-06-04 42.º de 157, Cadet Women’s Épée, June NAC, 2021-06-04 33.º de 164, Senior Division I Women’s Épée, May NAC, 2021-05-06 17.º de 161, Cadet Women’s Épée, May NAC, 2021-05-06 3.º de 80, Y14 Women’s Épée, May NAC, 2021-05-06 2.º de 95, Y14 Women’s Épée, April NAC, 2021-04-16 1.º de 6, Y14 Women’s Épée, Capitol Division Summer National Qualifiers, February 2020, 2020-02-29 85.º de 316, Cadet Women’s Épée, Junior Olympic Championships, February 2020, 2020-02-14 1.º de 30, Y14 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge #3, February 2020, 2020-02-09 17.º de 114, Cadet Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC, RCC, Veteran ROC & Y8, 2020-01-18 26.º de 133, Y14 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC, RCC, Veteran ROC & Y8, 2020-01-18 15.º de 99, Y14 Women’s Épée, Cobra Challenge SYC/RCC/Y8, November 2019, 2019-11-29 2.º de 6, Junior Women’s Épée, Capitol Division Junior Olympic Qualifiers, November 2019, 2019-11-23 53.º de 279, Cadet Women’s Épée, November NAC, November 2019, 2019-11-08 34.º de 151, Y14 Women’s Épée, November NAC, November 2019, 2019-11-08 7.º de 33, Y14 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge #1, October 2019, 2019-10-13 3.º de 25, Cadet Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge SYC/RCC & Y8, 2019-09-20 2.º de 49, Y14 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge SYC/RCC & Y8, 2019-09-20 17.º de 153, Y12 Women’s Épée, USA Fencing National Championships & July Challenge, June 2019, 2019-06-28 9.º de 20, Y14 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge, June 2019, 2019-06-02 3.º de 18, Y14 Mixed Épée, Fight it with Fencing, May 2019, 2019-05-05 1.º de 32, Y14 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge, March 2019, 2019-03-17 196.º de 310, Cadet Women’s Épée, Junior Olympic National Championships, February 2019, 2019-02-15 1.º de 32, Y14 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge, February 2019, 2019-02-10 44.º de 98, Y14 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC & RCC with Non-Regional Veteran and Y8, 2019-02-01 9.º de 55, Y12 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC & RCC with Non-Regional Veteran and Y8, 2019-02-01 1.º de 19, Y12 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge RYC/RCC, 2018-12-29 5.º de 18, Y14 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge RYC/RCC, 2018-12-29 5.º de 23, Y14 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge, December 2018, 2018-12-16 1.º de 7, Cadet Women’s Épée, Capitol Division Junior Olympic Qualifiers, November 2018, 2018-11-03 1.º de 21, Y14 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge, October 2018, 2018-10-14 3.º de 44, Y12 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge SYC, 2018-10-06 12.º de 52, Y14 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge SYC, 2018-10-06 8.º de 17, Y14 Women’s Épée, Richmond Fall RYC, September 2018, 2018-09-22 2.º de 17, Y12 Women’s Épée, Richmond Fall RYC, September 2018, 2018-09-22 13.º de 117, Y12 Women’s Épée, USA Fencing National Championships & July Challenge, 2018-06-28 12.º de 30, Y12 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge SYC 2018, 2018-04-13 2.º de 15, Y14 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge, 2018-03-18 59.º de 96, Y12 Women’s Épée, March NAC, March 2018, 2018-03-09 9.º de 25, Y14 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge #3, 2018-02-04 72.º de 106, Y14 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC and Cadet RCC 2018, 2018-01-13 28.º de 60, Y12 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC and Cadet RCC 2018, 2018-01-13 5.º de 25, Y12 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge #2, 2017-12-10 3.º de 20, Y12 Mixed Épée, Capitol Division Y12 & Under Tournament, December 2017, 2017-12-03 2.º de 21, Y12 Mixed Épée, DCFC Youth Challenge #1, October 2017, 2017-10-15 3.º de 8, Y12 Women’s Épée, Richmond Fencing Club - Fall 2017 RYC, 2017-09-30 3.º de 16, Y12 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge RYC & RCC Region 6, 2017-09-09 3.º de 16, Y12 Women’s Épée, Fairfax RYC & RCC, 2017-09-08 3.º de 11, Y12 Mixed Épée, Youth 10 & 12 Mixed Epee and Mixed Sabre, 2017-06-11 1.º de 15, Y10 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge SYC, 2017-04-28 2.º de 6, Y12 Women’s Épée, 2017 Virginia Division Spring RYC, 2017-04-08 1.º de 7, Y10 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge RYC #2 Region 6 & Cadet, 2017-03-18 5.º de 16, Y12 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge RYC #2 Region 6 & Cadet, 2017-03-18 1.º de 7, Y10 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge RYC # 1 - Region 6, 2017-02-25 6.º de 14, Y12 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge RYC # 1 - Region 6, 2017-02-25 23.º de 55, Y12 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC and Cadet RCC 2017, 2017-01-14 23.º de 55, Y12 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC & RCC, 2017-01-14 2.º de 20, Y10 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC and Cadet RCC 2017, 2017-01-14 3.º de 33, Y12 Mixed Épée, Capitol Division Y12 & Under Tournament, December 2016, 2016-12-18 16.º de 24, Y10 Women’s Épée, November NAC (JR, CDT, Y14 & CDT Team), 2016-11-11 3.º de 13, Y10 Mixed Épée, Virginia Division Fall RYC, 2016-10-01 8.º de 14, Y12 Women’s Épée, Virginia Division Fall RYC, 2016-10-01 1.º de 7, Y10 Mixed Épée, Back to School Rumpus, 2016-09-25 2.º de 11, Y12 Mixed Épée, Fences With Wolves 2016, 2016-06-12 2.º de 11, Y10 Mixed Épée, Loudoun Almost Summer Youth Tournament, 2016-05-14 3.º de 12, Y12 Mixed Épée, Loudoun Almost Summer Youth Tournament, 2016-05-14 30.º de 45, Y12 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC and Cadet RCC 2016, 2016-01-15 30.º de 45, Y12 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC and RCC (Reg 6), 2016-01-15 7.º de 15, Y10 Women’s Épée, Capitol Clash SYC and Cadet RCC 2016, 2016-01-15 1.º de 6, Y10 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge RYC - Region 6, 2016-01-02 6.º de 9, Y12 Women’s Épée, Fairfax Challenge RYC - Region 6, 2016-01-02 1.º de 11, Y10 Mixed Épée, Capitol Division Y12 & Under Tournament, 2015-12-13 22.º de 25, Y12 Women’s Épée, COBRA Challenge Super Youth (SYC) and Cadet, 2015-11-27 6.º de 12, Y10 Women’s Épée, COBRA Challenge Super Youth (SYC) and Cadet, 2015-11-27 2.º de 2, Y10 Women’s Épée, Ben Gutenberg Memorial SYC & Cadet, 2015-10-23 9.º de 11, Y12 Women’s Épée, Ben Gutenberg Memorial SYC & Cadet, 2015-10-23 9.º de 14, Y14 Mixed Épée, MDFC Youth Epee & Saber, 2015-10-10 3.º de 19, Y10 Mixed Épée, Fences With Wolves - Y10, Y12 & Y14 Mixed Epee, 2015-05-17 17.º de 36, Y10 Mixed Foil, The Fencing Center RYC (Reg 4), 2015-02-21 17.º de 36, Y10 Women’s Foil, Region 4 RYC #3 at The Fencing Center San Jose, CA, 2015-02-21 22.º de 22, Y10 Women’s Foil, Bay Cup at CFC: Y10WF3, 2015-01-25 16.º de 27, Y10 Women’s Foil, Northern California RYC # 2 - Region 4, December 2014, 2014-12-13 14.º de 22, Y10 Women’s Foil, Bay Cup at SPORT: Y10WF2, Y12WF2, November 2014, 2014-11-09 15.º de 28, Y10 Women’s Foil, Northern California RYC # 1 - Region 4, San Francisco, CA, 2014-10-25 20.º de 22, Y10 Women’s Foil, Bay Cup at MTEAM: Y10WF1, Y12WF1, September 2014, 2014-09-07

Resultados

Resultados: 150

QuandoCompetiçãoProvaLugar
14/04 2025FIE Junior and Cadet World Championships, Wuxi 2025FIEJunior Women’s Épée18.º de 173
14/02 2025Junior Olympics & Div 1 NACAskFREDSenior Division I Women’s Épée28.º de 246
14/02 2025Junior Olympics & Div 1 NACAskFREDJunior Women’s Épée57.º de 303
31/01 2025FIE Junior World Cup, Cairo, January 2025FIEJunior Women’s Épée26.º de 162
25/01 2025FIE Grand Prix, Doha 2025FIESenior Women’s Épée160.º de 192
14/12 2024FIE Junior World Cup, Burgos 2024FIEJunior Women’s Épée20.º de 224
30/11 2024FIE Junior World Cup, Hong Kong, November 2024FIEJunior Women’s Épée18.º de 140
22/11 2024FIE World Cup, Vancouver 2024FIESenior Women’s Épée29.º de 170
8/11 2024November NAC, Louisville, KYAskFREDJunior Women’s Épée3.º de 277
4/10 2024October NAC, Atlantic City, NJAskFREDJunior Women’s Épée34.º de 321
4/10 2024October NAC, Atlantic City, NJAskFREDSenior Division I Women’s Épée17.º de 283
29/06 2024National Championships and July Challenge (Summer Nationals), Columbus, OHAskFREDSenior Division I Women’s Épée14.º de 155
29/06 2024National Championships and July Challenge (Summer Nationals), Columbus, OHAskFREDJunior Women’s Épée22.º de 326
2/06 2024Amazon Open XXIAskFREDSenior Women’s Épée9.º de 54
25/04 2024Division 1/Parafencing National Championships + April NACAskFREDSenior Division I Women’s Épée65.º de 166
25/04 2024Division 1/Parafencing National Championships + April NACAskFREDJunior Women’s Épée12.º de 171
15/03 2024March SJCCAskFREDJunior Women’s Épée1.º de 104
9/03 2024FIE Grand Prix, Budapest 2024FIESenior Women’s Épée94.º de 324
25/02 2024FIE Junior Zonal Championships, Rio De Janeiro 2024FIEJunior Women’s Épée3.º de 39
17/02 2024FIE Junior World Cup, Tbilisi 2024FIEJunior Women’s Épée86.º de 155

Vídeos

Confronto direto

Contra canhotos 13–9 · destros 49–17, quando a FIE indica a mão com que atiram. Canhotos e destros

Todos os adversários nas provas cujos assaltos estão guardados aqui, começando pelos mais frequentes. Cada ligação mostra os assaltos entre ambos.

ContraVitóriaDerrotasÚltimo confronto
Julia CARON022/12 2023
Leehi MACHULSKY1125/02 2024▶ Ver
Leonie RAMUZ1114/12 2024
Maria ALVIM119/03 2024
Veronika KALAEVA2031/01 2025
Todos os adversários (mais 76)
ContraVitóriaDerrotasÚltimo confronto
Victoria VIZEU2025/02 2024
Xi Er LV2030/11 2024
Abagael BLACK1021/01 2023
Adela SAFRANKOVA102/12 2023
Alejandra CISNEROS1022/11 2024
Alicja GOCZAL1030/11 2024
Allegra CRISTOFOLETTO0114/04 2025
Amelie RUSSELL1014/12 2024
Amy AI1014/12 2024
Anastasiia RUSTAMOVA0125/01 2025
Anastasiya KHRAMTSOV1021/01 2023
Aurore FAVRE0125/01 2025
Benedetta MADRIGNANI1014/04 2025
Beren UNAL1031/01 2025
Blanka Virag NAGY019/03 2024
Cecylia CIESLIK0117/02 2024
Cintia RUMENOVSKI1014/12 2024
Daria YOOSEFI1014/04 2025
Emily CONRAD0121/01 2023
Emma JASZ-BORSODY019/03 2024
Emma NAGY0125/01 2025
Esther TAN1014/04 2025
Eva BOTTAZZINI1025/02 2024
Evgeniya ZHARKOVA109/03 2024
Fiona MUELLER1022/11 2024
Flavia CELLETTI1021/01 2023
Gaia TRADITI0125/01 2025
Garance PALPACUER1017/02 2024
Greta GACHALYI0131/01 2025
Hana JURKOVA1014/04 2025
Huishuang JIANG1014/04 2025
Irina MAVRIKIOU109/03 2024
Isabel MORENO BASURTO1014/12 2024
Isabella GONZALEZ RODRIGUEZ1025/02 2024
Isabella SAYAGUES PARIS1025/02 2024
Jade SERSOT109/03 2024
Janine HANSPACH1025/02 2024
Jessie Cheng Jie YAN0117/02 2024
Julia TRYNOVA1017/02 2024
Karina PROKOPOVIC1014/12 2024
Kinga ZGRYZNIAK0122/11 2024
Laura Eva KOZMA0131/01 2025
Leonor ESTEVES102/12 2023
Lineidy PARRA FIGUERA1025/02 2024
Lola STOJAKOVIC1022/11 2024
Lotti HORVATH0117/02 2024
Ludovica COSTANTINI1014/12 2024
Mai KANDIL1031/01 2025
Manon CLAIN1031/01 2025
Mariachiara TESTA0131/01 2025
Mia LEBRENZ102/12 2023
Michal SHUKUROV1014/04 2025
Mihaela LEONTE109/03 2024
Miho YOSHIMURA1022/11 2024
Mira YOUSEF102/12 2023
Moa MAANINKA012/12 2023
Nancy XIAO1022/11 2024
Nuo XU1025/01 2025
Oceane FRANCILLONNE1022/11 2024
Oleksandra ROMANOVA0121/01 2023
Rin KISHIMOTO0130/11 2024
Sera SONG0122/11 2024
Sevinch OYDINOVA1017/02 2024
Taisia TUMKOVA1031/01 2025
Tsz Yu Andrea CHEUNG0117/02 2024
U Kei HUANG1014/04 2025
Valerie MIKLENDOVA102/12 2023
Valeriia BILOUS-GRIDZHAK1022/11 2024
Valerija RAZASCONOKA1014/04 2025
Victoria EGLEZ1025/02 2024
Viki OSSIPOV1021/01 2023
Wing Yu YAN1030/11 2024
Yuchen XIE1030/11 2024
Yuexin SHI019/03 2024
Yuna TAMURA1030/11 2024
Zaineh ALNASER1031/01 2025

Estatísticas

cotação, ranking e forma de competir

Ao longo do tempo

A sua cotação em cada época Espada Florete
190016501400 Espada 1514, 2014–15 Espada 1523, 2015–16 Espada 1620, 2016–17 Espada 1631, 2017–18 Espada 1671, 2018–19 Espada 1688, 2019–20 Espada 1713, 2020–21 Espada 1762, 2021–22 Espada 1798, 2022–23 Espada 1801, 2023–24 Espada 1823, 2024–25 Florete 1465, 2014–15
O seu ranking FIE em cada época, com o 1.º lugar no topo Sénior Espada
1.º10.º100.º Sénior Espada 287.º, 2023–24 Sénior Espada 228.º, 2024–25
Ver tabela
ÉpocaArmafency ELORanking FIE
2024–25Espada1823228.º Sénior
2023–24Espada1801287.º Sénior
2022–23Espada1798
2021–22Espada1762
2020–21Espada1713
2019–20Espada1688
2018–19Espada1671
2017–18Espada1631
2016–17Espada1620
2015–16Espada1523
2014–15Florete1465
2014–15Espada1514

Como funcionam as cotações · os melhores atualmente

Como compete

FaseVitórias–derrotasUm assalto médioPor um toque
Poules48–16 75%4.3–312–6
Quadros14–10 58%13.4–11.61–2